Egyptonews

Egyptonews

July, 2011-Luxor city, Egypt.
The discovery of the enclosure wall of ptah temple as well as the gate of the pharaoh Shbaka in the Karnak by the French excavations was a great surprise. It was believed that Ptah temple was built in the Ptolemaic dynasty which is now proven to be wrong as many stone pieces with the pharaoh Thutmoses III were discovery inside temple of Ptah by the French team which refers to the temple to be much older. The discovery was announced by the Egyptian supreme council of Antiquities.” El Masery El Youm Newspaper.

Special articles, The art of Mummification between science and superstition, part.2

F-1, The Canopic jars of king Tutankhamen.

The evisceration which is the removal of the viscera became widely spread since the old kingdom period, where they started to store four specific organs into the Canopic jars”f-1”. The four chosen organs for evisceration were always, the stomach, the intestines, the liver and the lungs and it was practiced since the old kingdom. The removal of those organs, indicate the early knowledge about the fungal-bacterial damage which occurs in the early post-mortem phase for the corpse. The ancient Egyptian embalmer should have known about the disadvantage of keeping the viscera attached to the mummy so the removal for the stomach and the intestines can prevent the deterioration which is normally caused by the bacteria and the gases, the removal of the lungs can prevent keeping the oxygen in the corpse which never allow the fungi and the bacteria to breed and certainly the liver had to be removed as it naturally functions to strain poisons and germs and may store it. The Canopic jars lids generally take the shapes of the four sons of Horus who were believed to be the patrons of the mummy organs. Imset who has a human shape is thought to protect the liver, Hapi, who has a baboon shape, is thought to protect the lungs, Duamutef who takes the shape of a jackal is counted to protect the stomach and Qebehsnuf, who is given the falcon shape is believed to protect the intestines. The Egyptian Museum has the oldest viscera remains which belong to Queen Hetepheres, which is about 2500 B.C. the Queen was the mother of King Cheops and wife of king Snefru.

F-2,The four sons of Horus who were believed to be the patrons of the mummy organs. Imset ,Hapi , Duamutef and Qebehsnuf.

We may know the reason beyond the removal of the four visceral organs but we do not have yet a scientific reason to explain the reason behind the removal of the brain! The brain was removed in more than %80 percent of Egyptian mummies in a very specific way which is based on drilling the skull from the top and also penetrating the nostrils to evacuate the air. The Egyptian museum has more than a set of surgical instruments which some of it were used by the embalmers. The most famous instrument among is the hook which was used for emptying the skull from the brain. In fact, the brain never been the last organ to remove as every other organ had to be removed except of the heart and kidneys.

F-3, The surgical set of Komombo temple.


The surgical set of Komombo temple”F-3” has instruments such as hooks, needles and saws which are required for running the mummification process.

F-4, model shows the spots in the head where the surgery occurs.

Model”F-4” shows the spots in the head where the surgery occurs. Number -1 is the opening in the top of the skull which is followed by number-2 which is a drill in the nostrils. Both of 1&2 aim at removing the brain. Number-3 is the eyes removal. Model F-5 explains where the surgical incisions should be made by the embalmer. Three spot on F-5 occupy the left side of the torso , the upper one is incision of the thoracic cavity which helps to extract the lungs, the medium incision in the abdominal cavity helps in the entrails and the stomach removal, then the lower one which is done in the pelvic cavity helps much in removing the rest of organs with the minimal damage.

F-5, shows the usual spots where the embalmer makes his surgical cuts.

Osiris, F-6, according to the Egyptian mythology was the ruler of the north of Egypt in the very early start of Egyptian history. Osiris was a descendant of gods as well as his brother Seth who ruled the south of Egypt, then after Osiris regicide by Seth his body was mummified and he became the god of the underworld.

F-6. Osiris the god of death and the first mummy.

Then God Osiris managed to exceed in power most of his rivals and had the Imnty domain under his control. The rise of Osiris as the lord of the underworld or the west had synchronized with the flourishing of the mummification as seemed to become the most social as well as popular god for commoners. Osiris managed to offer equality of treatment and justice between the very poor and very rich even he became a phase that every deceased had to turn to and according to book of the dead everyone after death should become Osiris or take the form of Osiris. By Yasser Kamel for Museumegypt,Copyright@museumegypt. All rights reserved.

Museumegypt is Five years old.

Museumegypt is Five years old.
Thanks for its followers and visitors
Yasser kamel

Special articles, The art of Mummification between science and superstition, part.1

No doubt that the ancient Egyptians were the only nation managed to defeat decay and deterioration and were the first to conquer time. The very confident faith on the realty of the life after death was the main motivation for the mummification art to begin. In fact comprehending the secrets of the art of mummification is encountering a lot of difficulty since its swinging between science and superstition. The mummification process aimed at preserving the body as well as keeping the look of the human body a match to the case before death which is a very difficult task as it should require a deep scientific knowledge in order to provide the confident skill that can lead the process to accomplish its target. Also the mummification process aimed to serve the faith of the resurrection which was the main creed for ancient Egypt. The invention of the embalming synchronized with the progress in the science of medicine and the surgery as it is observed with pre- historic and archaic preserved bodies. Ancient Egypt, in common had started the fetal mummification since its pre-dynastic.

Painting”1”, by the author. A pre-dynastic fetal mummy.

The spread for the fetal burial in Pre-historic Egypt is enough evidence on having the ancient Egyptians to be familiar with the surgery and the dissecting. Their attempt to mime the fetus in its final positions before birth is a clear reflection for that early knowledge they reached. Some of the archaic and pre-dynastic fetal mummies were fully dehydrated by getting it exposed to the sun and some were treated by getting it cased with bitumen. The mummy of Ginger” picture -1 “which is around 3200 B.C, is the oldest mummy found in history and in ancient Egypt also its is the best example for the fetal mummification style of the late pre- dynastic period. The main challenge for scholars and experts who would seek imitating the Egyptian mummy is the lack of recorded practical experience as no body saved any previous experience as well as the lose of the know how about the mummification from old generations to modern ones. It was so different with ancient Egyptians who managed to save their experience on the mummification art from one generation to another and even before the invention of the writing. The dilemma for getting an approval on one mummification technique to be effective is as simple as it requires passing the knowledge and the experience from the master embalmer to his flowers continuously, for more than three thousand years which modern scholars are not able to get.

Figure -2, A funeral label, Reign of King Djer ,3200 B.C, the Egyptian museum . Painted by Yasser kamel

A reference on getting the ancient Egyptians to abandon the fetal mummy style and to adapt the Osiried mummy style, found on king Djer funeral label “figure-2’ where you see the funeral bearers while holding a mummy which is most probably the mummy of king Den. Book of the dead refers to necessity of getting the deceased body to survive the decomposing and the deterioration factors, therefore, the ancient Egyptians believed that once to keep a copy from book of the dead which includes the essential hymns and spells it can protect their bodies against worms, insects and deterioration.

Painting”2” painted by the author. Book of the dead of Nakhet, about 1400 B.C. Royal scribe Nakhet while slaying a beetle.

Painting “2” represents Royal scribe Nakhet while slaying a beetle, most probably that beetle is from the dermastidae beetles which feed on flesh. Book of the dead of Nakhet has spells against worms, beetles and corruption. It is fascinating to imagine once we study Egyptian pre-dynastic fully naturally preserved mummies or semi-naturally preserved ones that the embalmers of that period would know about the value of being a dead body dehydrated in order to protect against decay. Ancient Egyptians seemed to share us a lot of scientific knowledge as for example the fact that a human body has what can represent %75 of its total weight just liquids and that what the fungi and bacteria can survive and breed on after death for the human being! So the embalmers had to find the right method to cause the dehydration for the corpse such as getting the body exposed to the sun as well as counting on the minerals of the Egyptian desert to cause the process of osmosis to begin. Then what happened later was amazing as ancient Egyptians discovered what minerals and salts could do for preservation. The importance for salts is more observed in the hieroglyphics as its word Netri or Natron had been driven from the word Neter which means god which literally means the divine salt. In fact the word Neter referred to nature in ancient Egypt and it inspired most of other languages, the word Nature. The Natron salt is found naturally as a mixture of sodium carbonate, soda ash, sodium bicarbonate ,sodium chloride and sodium sulfate, actually it is a stunning salt as it is cable to dehydrate with minimal damage to tissues meanwhile it keeps its fresh appearance intact. Egypt naturally gifted with that salt and mainly in the Natron Valley where it was found by the ancient Egyptians. Osiris was the first king that ruled Egypt and this is according to what ancient Egypt wrote, Osiris was the first to be mummified in a different style than the fetal one which is named the Osiried-style. The mummification art was mastered in ancient Egypt once the Natron salt was discovered but it flourished once embalmers realized the importance of the organs removal in order to get rid of the fungal and the bacterial damage.By Yasser Kamel to Museumegypt, All rights reserved.

Offerings of Gods in ancient Egypt.

Offerings of Gods in ancient Egypt.

Religion in ancient Egypt occupied a great space of attention in a way that may allow us to count the Egyptians to be the most faithful people to their gods in the ancient times. In fact ancient Egypt heritage is the richest in number of religious structures and religious scripts. Once we search for ancient Egypt welfare indications we reach one bold fact which is gods of ancient were the luckiest. Egypt was first ever to produce the wine, the beer and the ale and certainly the Egyptians gods had their share. The wine produce was so common that scenes of tombs of Nobles never ceased to depict the techniques of making it. The amount of scenes of alcoholic drinks presented to gods is countless that scholar have to admit that Egyptian were alcoholic nation.

Egyptians were fortunate with weather as they enjoyed a stable one which helped in growing the best grapes and to keep the finest vine- yards, the scene above”1” is from the tomb of Vizier Sennefer , 1300 B.C, it represents a large arbour tree of grapes which is a part of the tomb’s ceiling. Tombs and houses of Aristocratic Egyptians were often to include a winery. The most incredible number of alcoholic containers which is estimated to exceed one thousand jar their shards were discovered in Sakkara under the step pyramid of king Zoser. Generally the Egyptian were keen to save records of making their alcoholic drinks to avoid obliterating that secretes of that unique art.

Carving “2” from Mastaba of Ka-gem-ni,Sakkara,2500 B.C.

The carving above “2” is from Sakkara and represents the workmen while sliding a massive pair of wine jars in the storage. The carving is found in the mastaba tomb of the judge and the noble Ka gem ni.

Carving “3” from Hatshepsut temple, west bank Luxor.

The carving above “3” represents king Thutmoses III while serving god Horus the Erap wine jars. The second common scene of offerings is the one of gods food. Gods food is often shown laid on offering tables that are presented by the pharaoh. Gods generally offered the best of what was grown in any field and the best of any product as their satisfaction is essential to maintain the wealth and the fertility of the country. The pile of food provided to gods usually to contain variety of vegetables and samples of domesticated animals and changes are easily observed in scenes of offered food according to the dynasty and the Egyptian welfare. Most of old kingdom scenes of food offerings included birds except chicken and goose, also it had fruits apart from pomegranate! The Egyptian history mentions that the chicken and the pomegranate were introduced to Egypt then to Africa latter by the Egyptian king Thutmoses III just about 1300 B.C for the first time and both became tolerated by the Egyptians that no scene of food missed them ever since. The origin for the chicken , the pomegranate and the geese was ancient Syria. The goose was introduced by king Snefru about 2500 B.C after his expedition to Syria. Indeed observing the offering scenes can be an accurate source for getting familiar with the flora and fauna in ancient Egypt.

A carving “4” from the temple of Dakka, King Erkamun.

The carving “4” above from the temple of Dakka in Upper Egypt and it represents the food offered by King Erkamun to the gods and its noticeable the missing of the chicken and the pomegranate and it sounds that both were not common in Upper Egypt or lower Nuba yet.

Carving “5” represents an offering table includes chicken and pomegranate.

The carving “5” above shows the addition of the chicken and the pomegranate to the traditional pile of gods food. It is remarkable that ancient Egyptian gods had favoured more of wine and food and less of intangible offerings. However intangible offerings were rare, we still to observe few scenes of flowers presented to feminine deities such as for Hathor who represented love and fertility in ancient Egypt.

A slab”6” represents king Akhenaton , Nefertiti and their daughter while presenting flowers for Aton.

Akhenaton the unique monotheist pharaoh who called for Aton to be the only god did not allow food or sacrifices for his god. In fact the oneness and infinity of Aton had no paradox with being him to be a simple god and would tolerate the intangibles. By Yasser Kamel to Museumegypt, All rights reserved.

Picture & Comment

Photo by Sara-Jane Sperrin

A column from temple of Komombo has the titles of the Roman Emperor Tiberius and carvings for Horus in a form of a sphinx as well as the vulture- goddess Nakhbet..

Picture & Comment

Photo by Sara-Jane Sperrin
Ceiling of Komombo temple and represents the vulture goddess Nakhbet the patroness of Upper Egypt once while dressed the upper Egypt crown and once while wearing the lower Egypt crown. The surrounding text is invocation for herself and the wjet-cobra snake who was the patroness of lower Egypt.The colours are original and go back to 150 B.C.

Animals rituals in ancient Egypt. Part B

The most incredible evidence of how much the Heb-Sed was essential to stabilize Egyptian powerful kings on their throne is represented on King Zoser’s the Heb-sed complex.

Picture-1

Picture-2

In fact king Zoser ,the founder of the third dynasty was the first depicted king while performing the ritual that follows the fight of the Heb-sed. History of Ancient Egypt has mentioned a lot of kings that performed the same ritual as for king Montuhotep II who was the re-unifier of Egypt and the founder of the 11th dynasty. Montuhotep II fascinating statue in Cairo Museum about 1700 B.C exemplifies the king while dressed the Heb-Sed outfit”Picture 3”. King Amunhotep II carving from the temple of Amada,1400 B.C,the carving “Picture no.2” represents the pharoah while galloping before god Amun in order to present his thanks for being able to complete the Heb-Sed .

Picture-3
The great influence of the ancient Egyptian Heb-Sed ritual can be traced allover the ancient world and even more obvious in the Greek mythology. The Greek myth of Hercules which describes Hercules famous adventure of fighting the Nemean lion, the picture below represents Hercules while fighting the lion of Nemea.

Picture-4 painted by yasser kamel and it represents Hercules while fighting the lion of Nemea.
By Yasser Kamel to Museumegypt, All rights reserved. Copyrigt©Museumegypt.　　

Animals rituals in ancient Egypt. Part A

Animals rituals in ancient Egypt. Part A

No wonder if the Hieroglyphic characters are in general to represent animals or portions of animal bodies as it belonged to a civilization is African in its core . Back to the early beginnings of the Egyptian cultures the flora and fauna were still rich as Egypt seemed to have a variety of wild animals as for African lions and panthers. Then the gradual change for the global climate such as having more of droughts and dryness had effected the northern African environment which forced many of savannah wild animals to migrate to southern Africa. The remarkable interaction with nature which was still intact had inspired the shapes of the hieroglyphics and its phonograms as for the case of the African lions in the north of Egypt or for the Egyptian vulture in the south of Egypt. The Naqqada “Nakkada”6000-5000 B.C cultures are among cultures that left finds very much relating to the wild nature of ancient Egypt. Naqqada cultures were well located as it occupied middle Egypt where nature was rich in rock formations, hillocks and plains where the savannah could be found. So lions were common as well as vultures and there where man had to confront lions and fight it in order to survive. Soon the lion became to represent a phenomenal force that signed for power and once to be overcome by a man it would sign for the human courage so much later it became what inspired a ritual should be accomplished by the chief of a tribe or by any ruler in order to prove courage , valor and fertility. The ritual of The Heb-Sed was the most essential rite in ancient Egypt that kings had to face to be able to hold throne for thirty years at least, that rite was to include a face
to face physical fight with a lion then later it became replaced with a fight against a bull which could be due to the rareness of lions caused by dryness and droughts.

Nakkada.5000-4000 B.C.Painted by yasser kamel

The very concealed aim for the Heb-Sed rite was to avoid the senility for the ruler as he by circumstances had to enjoy a lot of physical strength in order to lead his nation to a victory. Generally the African mythology can provide a lot of examples for the Egyptian Heb-Sed followed by many nations in Africa as in southern Sudan or in Kenya by the Masai tribe .

African Lion painted by yasser kamel

The Sphinx in ancient Memphis.

The most common tradition in Africa was to dethrone the senile king and crown his heir as most of old kings would not be able to kill a lion in direct fight, but in ancient Egypt kings had a different tactic to follow once they had to execute that rite, just were were keen to accomplish the rite while still been young so they would do it just after one decade of rule in order to keep their throne for another thirty years. The Heb-Sed was to include a throne renewal ceremony for the jubilee of the king as well as a rejuvenation rite. Man in Africa generally and in ancient Egypt specifically used the lion to sign for strength and protection and found in fighting it a great threat to defy, then ancient Egyptian were the first ever to depict their kings with lions statues and images as for the Sphinx of Giza which has a lion body and a man head. By Yasser Kamel to Museumegypt, All rights reserved. Copyrig ©Musegypt.　　

古代 イジプト人 は ぼっけん を つくりましたね。

古代　イジプト人 は　ぼっけん　を　つくりましたね。

ツタアンクメン の ぶっけん は１４００年　紀元前ん　凡そです。

　ツタアンクメン　の　どうせ　つるぎ

日本製刀



古代　イジプト人　は　ぼっけん　を　造り　は　 おどろき な　事ね。古代　イジプト　は　まことに　けんどう　と　けんかく　も　いました。全体　に　イジプト人　は　　たいてい　つるぎ　を　どう　が　つくりられた。カイロ博物館　に　ゆうめえ　な　おうじゃ　は　ツタアンクメン　の　どうせ　つるぎ　と　ぶっけん　も　ある、その　ぶっけん　は　１４００年　紀元前ん　凡そ、それね、　　その物　は一番　古く　ぶっけん　が　あります。By Yasser Kamel to Museumegypt, All rights reserved. Copyrig ©Musegypt.　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　

Was Anubis to represent a jackal or else ?

I have been searching in the impact and the influence of Ancient Egypt on the rest of the African culture and the Entire mankind cultures for a long while and ancient Egypt uniqueness never failed to astonish me. Always thinking of the amount of imagination required to innovate the Egyptian gods images and figures, the broad horizon of innovation that created the anthropomorphically gods who were depicted partly human and partly animal or shown as a mixture of two different beings as for god Ra as a winged sun-disc or as for the winged cobra snake or the headed scarab-man god or the winged scarab which has falcon wings once or Buprestidae -beetles wings instead and many other examples are found. In the of Anubis who was depicted as a crouched animal mostly described to be a jackal however to some experts Anubis shape is more to do with a dog most probably a Basenji than a jackal . The Basenji...the Egyptian Barkless Dog is a well-defined breed was tamed and bred by the ancient Egyptians in the old kingdom about 3000 B.C. Then it was introduced by the Greeks to Europe. The Basenji- Dog was kept in ancient Egyptian homes as a pet as for the example of the royal scribe Dedosobek votive stela which goes back to 2000 B.C. The stela represents Dedosobek , his daughter who sits on his lap and a basenji puppy is standing under Dedosobek seat. Anubis was often described to be the guard and the patron for both the mummy and the graveyard and always shown as a follower for the human in origin god Osiris as Anubis was to follow Osiris in everywhere he went. It seems that there was a muddle between the jackal and the basenji dog as being both animals similar in their habit of following human burials as a scavenger as for the jackal or just as a close pet as for the basenji dog.

The picture below is from prince Nekaw tomb in Sakkara, 2500 B.C and it represents him on his seat and his basenji dog.

By Yasser Kamel to Museumegypt, All rights reserved. Copyrig ©Musegypt.

カイロ 博物館、クフ王 の 座像 は まれ な 物 でずね。

カイロ　博物館、クフ王　の　座像　は　まれ　な　物　でずね。

　カイロ　博物館　に　ゆいいつ　な　座像　が　ある。その　座像　は　象牙　を　つくりた、高さ　は　七　センチ、象　の　して　に　クフ　の　カレトシオ゛おうじや　の　名前　が　あらわしちます゛　も　ある。まあ、クフ　の　ざぞう　は　いちばん　小さ　物　が　発見された、しかし、クフ　ペラミッド　は　いち番　
おおきい物　でずね。By Yasser Kamel to Museumegypt, All rights reserved. Copyrig ©Musegypt.

The IM-DUWAT, The judgment of Osiris. A

Generally, Book of the dead or the IM-DUWAT “that which belongs to the second life “was a stereotype –book used to be written and provided to royal family members as well as to the very rich Egyptians. Just few of IM-DUWAT books were discovered in good order and completion.Most of discovered books were found located inside coffins of the Egyptian dead or kept hidden in kilts of stone or wooden statues. The first complete IM-DUWAT seems to go back to the new kingdom however its first chapter was written during the old kingdom specifically during Cheops reign which is about 2500 B.C. The full book of the dead was found as Papyrus scrolls that can fill more than 20 meters long papyruses and fit in 150 A4 pages approximately. The most common chapter from the IM-DUWAT is the chapter of the twelve hours of the night which is partly found or completely carved on walls of tombs as well as found written on papyrus. However, the chapter of the twelve hours of the night was the most repetitive; it was rarely found in complete order and that was due to the high cost for writing it as a full book. . The most popular part of the chapter of the twelve hours of the night according to finds of New kingdom papyruses and mainly the ones of the high-officials is the part of the 11th and the 12th hours which represent the final transformation of Amun-Ra and his rebirth. The second popular parts of that chapter are the 3rd, the 4th, the 5th and the 6th hours which are found in most of carvings of Valley of the Kings tombs. The chapter of the twelve hours of the night is found in complete order in tombs of king Seti I and tomb of king Thutmoses III in the Valley of the Kings.

The 12th hour of the night, Painted by Yasser kamel

The judgment of Osiris chapter is the most famous part of book of the dead, where Osiris leads a tribunal aims at granting the deceased the promised second life according his deeds and his faith.

The Judgment of Osiris, Book of the Dead of Hu-nefer, Painted by Yasser Kamel.


The painting above is a part of Book Of The Dead of the funeral -royal scribe Hunefer" 1400 B.C" The original is displayed at the British museum.

It begins with weighing the heart of the dead against the feather on the scales under the supervision of Anubis " the jackal-headed god" or the dog-headed god who shouldadjust the scales and in the presence of Horus" the falcon-headed god" who represents the advocate for the dead.Then the weight of the heart against the feather should be observed by goddess Maat who has her eyes covered with a band” The Blind Justice”, her symbol is above the balance.Then the verdict of the weighing must be written by god Thoth god of knowledge and wisdom "ibis-headed god" and always the heart to weigh less than the feather. If the heart would be ever heavier than the feather it would be fed to a monster " hybrid of a lion, a hippopotamus anda crocodile " Then the dead should gets to the negative confession hall where the dead should proceed to the jury or the 42 assessors “top of the picture" where he should deny his sins and they must take notice in order to decide if he said the truth or never then they can signify to that by holding their keys of life "Ankh" which refer to mercy or by hold their knives if he seemed to be lying.
The two verdicts should be revised by Osiris "the god of the underworld" who always is seen seated on his throne accompanied by his wife Isis and his sister Nyphtis.By Yasser Kamel to Museumegypt, All rights reserved. Copyrig ©Musegypt.

Know more about Egypt History

Know more about Egypt History…The Basenji...the Egyptian Barkless Dog was kept in ancient Egyptian homes as a pet as for the example of the royal scribe Dedosobek votive stela which goes back to 2000 B.C. The stela represents Dedosobek , his daughter who sits on his lap and a basenji puppy is standing under Dedosobek seat. Info and Art by Yasser Kamel

全体 に、 古代イジプト は 馬 は いませんでした。

全体　に、　古代イジプト　は　馬　は　いませんでした。

アフリカ　は　せいらい　馬　は　いませんでした。全体　に　馬　は　アジア　に　きました。ヒクソズじん　の　せんそう　の　時　に　馬　の　しよう　はじました。イジプト　の　中王国　の　時代　凡そ１７００年　紀元　　前に　いちばん　　馬　の　馬車　が　つくりた。

Know more about Egypt History !

Know more about Egypt History ! The Basenji...the Egyptian Barkless Dog is a well-defined breed was tamed and bred by the ancient Egyptians since the old kingdom, 3000 B.C. Then it was introduced by the Greeks to Europe. Art and info by Yasser kamel.

The Egyptian Museum, Humor in ancient Egypt.

A wooden toy of dancing pigmies. The Egyptian Museum.

Egyptians are humorous and in fact they were lovers of fun and sarcasm since the beginning of history. The most well known goddess for joy and fun was Hathor who also was goddess of music to whom a lot of temples were dedicated. The second famous god in ancient Egypt was Bes the god of fun , joy and music who is originally was more African as he was represented as a pigmy god holding a harp. Some of the ancient papyri which date back to old kingdom around 2500 B.C describe the desire for the royal family to have African pigmies brought peacefully or else to Egypt where they be employed as clown and jesters. Actually some of those musicians and jesters were local dwarfs who became rich and well off. The Egyptian museum has an interesting collection of toys includes a wooden dancing pigmies toy operates by bulling the cords that are attached to the rotating discs where the pigmies are attached.

The dwarf Seneb and his family. Cairo Museum.

Another example found which is a carving from Hatshepsut temple represents the chief of Punt tribe and shows his wife with a deformed body followed by a inscription mocks at that situation.

The chief of the Punt tribe and his wife.

God Bes while Harping, Philae Temple
By Yasser Kamel to Museumegypt, All rights reserved. Copyrig ©Musegypt.

Egypt is the biggest museum

Egypt is the biggest museum

for humanity and its heritage as it keeps what can represent more than 50 percent of mankind history and monuments. By Yasser kamel for Museumegypt.

Egypt welcomes travelers back

Dear Travelers, sorry for the temporary shutdown, Egypt was under necessary
maintenance, we're happy now to welcome you back in a much better Egypt. You’ll be impressed

Best luck for Egypt..

Museumegypt.the best luck for our new Egypt.Mubarak is abdicated